Fraternities risky decisions and the reasons why
Jerrod Foster
Creative Writing 101
Marlen Harrison
March 31, 2008
Abstract
Over many years thousands of members of National Greek Fraternities and Sororities have come into the line of fire thanks to risky decisions and behaviors conducted. Risky decisions including acts such as binge drinking, unprotected sex, and drug use are just a few of the risky behaviors conducted. The writer of this paper through research and long nights of stress wants answers to why people holding Greek letters participate in risky behaviors. Also including answers as to why members take
risks more than non members of these organizations. Could it be that the provocative, reckless stereotyping of Greek Organizations through the media is prohibiting healthy intellectual growth? And could this promote risky behavior? Could this stereotyping that is going on be thanks to the media? Could this possibly be the reason why? This paper compares the media and their representation of Greek Life and the possibility of the way members of these organizations act being correlated with the risky decisions being conducted thanks to the media
A Taste of Fraternity Life
I went to my first fraternity party at the beginning of my sophomore year at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The house was packed girls were everywhere and I was excited. The house was owned by Tau Kappa Epsilon or TKE’s as they are known at IUP. This house was dark and dirty which had obviously seen many parties in its lifetime. It was “rush” which is just a name for recruitment for a fraternity, this span of time draws future pledges in and gives them a brief look into the fraternity lifestyle.
I met a couple of the brothers who lived in the house and they seemed pretty cool, they were into the military and that has been a huge interest for me a so I was really thinking about pledging TKE’s. After I was done talking with one of the brothers about possibly pledging TKE’s I was approached by a member of Phi Kappa Psi Brendon Torpey. Called Torpey by most of his peers, he was very intrigued that I was going to pledge TKE’s and not Phi Kappa Psi. After talking to Torpey more and hearing all of the gruesome things that one must go through to obtain TKE letters it was an easy decision to decide to pledge Phi Psi.
This decision was not made because I was scared of going through whatever they went through but because I am a human being and I do not feel like be made to feel lower than life. Phi Psi in the past had a pledge session similar to TKE’s full of hazing and they now thanks to Brian Horvath no longer conduct this type of behavior. Phi Kappa Psi’s letters are now protected due to the complete removal of hazing which is illegal in many states.
Thanks to Torpey, this author is proud to wear letters of Phi Kappa Psi is and very excited to help prolong traditions held by members of a fraternity all around the United States. Is the provocative, reckless stereotyping of Greek Organizations prohibiting healthy intellectual growth? And could this promote risky behavior? Read and you make a decision based on the information provided.
Methods of Research
The methods of research used while researching this topic were refereed journals, personal experiences, and other online sources found on the internet. Possibly using a survey if adequate information has presented itself to whereas it would be relevant to research. Also through Interviews from members of fraternities on their view on the stereotype that has been placed on members of Greek Letter Organizations. If the interview did not give conclusive amounts of relevance then they also were not used for research.
After many revisions and long nights of writing, hopefully I will come up with an answer to the mystery I am researching. Further looking into the issue I would like to give you a little more in-depth look at why I chose to research this topic and why it is such a personal endeavor of my own. Following the conclusion of the methodology I plan to talk about the problems with fraternities and sororities conducting risky behaviors.
Binge Drinking and the result of Binge drinking
According to statistics that have been recently shown 85 percent of students consume alcohol, and of these students, 50 percent are binge drinkers (Wechsler, 1996). It is no secret that fraternities, sororities, and half of college kids across the United States drink alcoholic beverages.
Although the student underage drinking knows what they are doing is illegal they still take part in this risky behavior. Most of the students consuming alcohol can be found in “frat houses” drinking on the weekends. With nights labeled “wet and wild Wednesday” or “thirsty Thursday” it is easy to get caught up in the party atmosphere and drink way too much.
Students in college are famous for going to frat house’s and drinking way too much causing them to make some risky decisions they will regret the next morning. These risky decisions could land students in a lot of trouble possibly ruining their futures as professionals in society. Drinking is not as much a concern as much as binge drinking which is very dangerous. Simply stated how much you can drink, the faster you can, the better off you will be, and more fun you will have (in the party mindset which is held by most drinkers in college).
This thought leads members of fraternities and sororities into what is called binge drinking which is risky. Binge drinking which is basically the mass consumption of alcohol at a dangerous rate of speed can lead to other risky decisions and possibly death which does happen in these fraternity and sorority settings.
In an article written by Hank Nuwer titled “Number of Safety Days without a Greek Death“. He looks closely into the amount of time which passes that there is not a death related to a Greek Organization. It was an alarming article which shows the risky decisions made by members of Greek letter Organizations. Here Hank talks about what can be done to combat the deaths related to risky decisions and behaviors being made by members holding Greek Letters.
One of the disturbing things found in this article was when he discuses that members of Zeta Beta Tau beat one of their own members to death. Upon the victim dying they moved the body to a creek near the fraternity house. Just hours after the members had beaten the student to death the body had been found by authorities in the nearby creek. This is disturbing to me because it was not a member outside of the fraternity which would not make it more acceptable but it was one of their own.
I guarantee that these events were brought on by alcohol and could have been prevented if the members were sober and thinking clear reasonable thoughts. Due to these unfortunate events, the article states that a task force has been created at Alfred University to combat the future of Greek Systems. Unfortunately it normally takes something this serious in nature to occur for officials to see just how far hazing and binge drinking preludes to these horrible acts of violence. Binge drinking is only one of the problems related to risky decisions made by members of Greek Letter Organizations. Many colleges are stepping up and taking action to combat risky behaviors involving alcohol.
About 90% of the alcohol consumed by youth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinks (Center for Disease Control Prevention 2006). Members of Phi Kappa Psi PA NU as well as other fraternities and sororities at IUP as a requirement, have to conduct online training on the consequences of binge drinking called Alcohol Education. Indiana University of Pennsylvania known for wild nights and binge drinking is making it mandatory for the program’s completion.
Created to inform and deter students of fraternities and sororities from drinking, this education creates scenarios and results on the possible outcomes of binge drinking and consuming alcohol as an underage student.
If students do decide to drink then this program creates a level of which the average individual can understand how much alcohol can subsequently cause harm. The proportion of current drinkers that binge is highest in the 18 to 20 year old groups 52.1% (Center for Disease Control Prevention 2006). This is no surprise that in the media what age group is targeted in the creation of movie, television shows, and commercials.
Media and the light shed upon drinking
The media has placed a massive emphasis on consuming alcohol in the United States. It is no surprise to look on television and see a commercial for Bud Light, Captain Morgan, or Bacardi which are all alcoholic beverages. The commercials are normally portraying how cool it is to be consuming alcohol. With obesity in the United States being increased thanks to television, underage kids are seeing this and starting to drink at relatively low ages. It was said that doubling the prices of alcoholic products would lower underage drinking by 28% and reduce youth binge drinking by 51% (Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents, Henry Saffer and Dhaval Dave).
This would be great being that 85 percent of students consume alcohol, and of these students, 50 percent are binge drinkers (Wechsler, 1996). What does this have to do with fraternities you ask? Well the proportion of current drinkers that binge is highest in the 18 to 20 year old groups 52.1% (Center for Disease Control Prevention 2006). With the marketing of alcoholic beverages geared towards students they would be obviously pressured into drinking. So where would a college kid go to get this alcohol to consume?
Well if they do not know anyone who is of age more than likely they are going to some fraternity house because that is where the alcohol is most of the time. Can people blame the fraternities for having what the people want and growing in numbers because of the lifestyle that is portrayed in the movies? I blame the media for creating the negative outlook on being in a fraternity. How else would we know how a fraternity members are” supposed” to act being that fraternities were created with a tradition of helping others. With movies portraying the reckless decision making shown in movies like National Lampoon’s Van Wilder, Animal House, or American Pie this is what members are forced to believe is what being in a fraternity is supposed to be.
With the general public seeing these movies and assuming that drinking, drugs, sex, fights, and risky behaviors are all that a fraternity is, then how can you blame fraternities for living up to its expectations? After all we grew up in a world where all you learn is what you see on television. Want to stop the stereotype and all the fun things that go on? Then stop showing the Greek Community in such a bad light. The media controls the minds of the people and if they make more of a conscious effort to show the good and not the bad we might see a change in the lifestyle of Geek Members.
This is a simple solution which has yet to be discovered due to the massive amounts of money being made by the media. Bring the media up on corruption of minor charges and watch the drastic change of advertising. Guess what, if this is done watch the risky decisions go away also. But this is just the author’s outlook on things he could be wrong, we may never know.
College for most young adults is a place for them to be away from their parents and let loose but still remain in the best position of their studies. For others though college is a place to party and conduct risky behaviors which can be life changing events. Having the media portray college as one big party is possibly to blame. Movies such as Animal House, National Lampoon’s Van Wilder, and American Pie give just that impression of college and Fraternities. I think these movies although very funny are creating a copy-cat chain of events. These “stereotypes” that are placed on Fraternities could be why the members in these organizations feel the need to live up to what they have seen on the big screen and on their televisions. What is a stereotype? A stereotype is:
“A simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group: The cowboy and Indian are American stereotypes” (Dictionary.com).
Members of fraternities and sororities are more likely to be members who indulge in risky behaviors more than members who are not tied to these organizations according to the stereotypes that are placed on them. Along with the displacement of this reputation the need to live up to the stereotype is presented through the media and therefore followed by fraternities. I think this is a stereotype that needs to disappear because Fraternities are good things to have around. Used in the right aspects they can produce some amazing young adults which are needed especially in today’s world.
Thanks to the media all viewers and future college students ever see is everything that fraternities do that is wrong. What about community service, peer tutoring, and social gatherings held by these organizations that are positive and do not involve risky behaviors. Guess the media managed to over look the good aspects and like always present the bad thanks we owe you millions of rounds of applause.
The good and the bad
In most cases it is only a few people which gained entry to the organization are really bad seeds or as we say in my fraternity “that guy”. The phrase “that guy” used by members of Phi Kappa Psi’s Pledge Fall class of 2007 (Kris Kumar, Jerrod Foster, Andrew Soltis, Dan Walters, Matt Shick, R.J. Furlough, Corey Flick, Jon Caruso, Jeff Andreulonis, and Tyler Borger) are all members who do not have a reputation’s for risky behavior. The term “that guy” given for a person put in a bad situation that makes them look like the bad guy who should have made a better decision. This happens a lot and leads to people thinking or acting a certain way towards you that may not be needed.
For example one of my good friends James Derk was pledging last semester into a fraternity at his school last fall and has this story to tell about hazing.
“While I was pledging I came across an alumni at a party. The alumni grabbed me by the neck and told me to get him a beer; I moved his hand off my neck and told the alumni not to touch me. The alumni then stated do you know who I am? I then pushed the alumni almost causing him to fall down the steps and went back into the party”.
Later Derk explained to me that he was looked at differently by a lot of the brothers in the fraternity and the possibility of not being able to finish with pledging for that semester was being talked about by the brothers. Derk had no choice but to defend himself at that moment in time and in my eyes was correct in protecting himself but he was labeled “that guy”.
Having a stereotype that is placed on you from the moment you gain entry to an organization is a rough life to lead, which causes you always to have to defend your reputation and conduct the activities that you are expected to conduct thanks to society.
The way members of fraternities do things may look wrong in the eyes of the public but thanks to the public we act this way. This leads to people having attitudes towards you if you are not in their fraternity or sorority as some think and that sense of “being better than everyone” as one of my English teachers told me is the look that is perceived by certain people.
On the contrary it is not that Greeks think they are better it is that they have been through something that they all can bond over in fraternity or sorority. Do you blame people who have an understanding of each other that goes deeper than just hanging out when you need something? Do you blame people for clicking together and being on the same page? This connection comes from doing something that the “normal” college kid will never have to experience while attending college. This something has brought a tight nit group of individuals together and do not be mad if your not in the group. This bond is what makes members of fraternities and sororities stick together and creates a group of strong individuals which can take care of their own for the rest of their lives.
All and all if you are Greek then you have a reputation to live up to and you better believe that when you wear your letters all eyes are on you and what you do affects the fraternity or sorority you are in and the Greek Community. After this I plan to talk about the hazing that may occur in fraternities some fraternities to gain imitation.
So you want to be in a Fraternity or Sorority?
We have all seen the movies and we have all heard what the media has to say about Fraternities and Sororities and the pledge session that they go through. It is full of doing all kinds of things that make you feel horrible about yourself and it is normally a painful experience being nothing short of hell. Well I will be the first to tell you that Phi Kappa Psi is not one of those fraternities but there are many fraternities and sororities out there who do place their pledges through a world of pain and humiliation. This is called hazing and hazing is not aloud to take place in fraternities or sororities anymore.
This author has never being a member of Phi Kappa Psi experienced hazing and if any member of a Fraternity or Sorority tells you they have been they are putting their fraternity at risk. This is a no tolerance event for most fraternities and although it used to take place in all fraternities it is slowly starting to disappear in the college fraternity’s
Why do people haze you might be wondering? Well not all things labeled as hazing by some is really hazing in the eyes of others. Most hazing that occurs within Greek Organizations is not meant to harm the person pledging all the time, but there is that occasional time that a pledge is purposely could be made to place their selves in harms way.
Most of the time hazing sometimes cruel in nature is meant to make the person being hazed stronger mentally and physically. Based off of rituals that have been in effect for years the hazing is done and has been done for hundreds of years. This author personally would not call anything that is not harmful to your health or your safety hazing. This includes anything that goes against your moral or legal standing in events that take place. Being made to read a book to learn more about your fraternity, or even having to be at study hours for two hours so you can pass while pledging is not hazing in my eyes. But to Greek officials and the administration of colleges it is seen to be possible hazing and can land Greek letter fraternities and sororities in a world of trouble.
College officials do have penalties for those Greek Organizations who like to haze and destroy the spirit of a pledge and possible future member. This could lead to a Chapter being placed on probation or even loss of a charter. Probation is simply being looked at as far as an organization very closely by officials in the Greek community. Officials then decide your outcome and weather or not you can continue to be a fraternity or sorority recognized by the college.
When these officials decide that fraternities have gone too far they can decide to pull their charter. This means for example if a fraternity was chartered by IUP and loss of that charter takes place you are no longer recognized as a chapter in that college Greek Community. This is a rough road to take and often it takes a long time for a sorority or fraternity to get their charter back which causes the fraternity or sorority to disband and never again be seen sometimes.
At Davidson College two students pledging Sigma Phi Epsilon were taken to the hospital due to possible related hazing at the college. It is not sure as to weather or not the students were forced into drinking but it very much so could have been brought on by peer pressure thanks to older members of the fraternity says the spokesman with National Fraternity Headquarters whose name is not stated. North Carolina along with many other states has a very strict law about hazing it states:
“It is unlawful for any student in attendance at any university, college, or school in this State to engage in hazing, or to aid or abet any other student in the commission of this offense. For the purpose of this section hazing is defined as the following: `to subject another student to physical injury as part of an initiation, or as prerequisite to membership, into any organized school group, including organized school groups, including a society, athletic team, fraternity or sorority, or other similar group. ` Any violation of this section shall constitute a class 2 misdemeanor.”(N.C.’s Anit-Hazing law).
With this being said it still does not mean that fraternities and sororities do not haze because the very much still do.
What would make a person in a fraternity or sorority want to haze another human being? Well hazing is based off of a long tradition of rituals and traditions that have been in existence for years which has brought subjection to harassment or ridicule (Dictionary.com). This is true it can be verbal harassment or even physical harassment which in some cases is ok the author thinks but when it comes to physical abuse that can harm an individual then that is where the line needs to be drawn. Not being able to draw the line is where most fraternities run into problems.
A little History about my being in a Fraternity
I must be honest and I must say that when I first started thinking about joining a fraternity the first things that popped into my mind were parties, drinking, and girls once again thanks to the media. As I pledged though I began to find that it is not about the girls because the come and go, it is not about the drinking because all that does is hurt you in the long run, and the parties are fun but they also are not what being in a fraternity is all about.
The truth of the matter is that being in a fraternity or sorority is all about having a brotherhood or sisterhood that lasts. It is all about the guys or girls standing next to you that have been there and know everything you have gone through because they went through the same things to become a member right beside you. Being a new brother to the fraternity I am seeing that it is all about the brotherhood and not much else matters when it comes to Phi Psi. Personally knowing that I have a bond with every Phi Psi stretching back to our founding fathers in 1852 gives me a sense of belonging and trust.
Phi Kappa Psi has a long line of tradition stretching back to the year of 1852 when the fraternity was founded. Founders of Phi Kappa Psi were dedicated college kids with a strong sense of helping others. Charles Page Thomas Moore and William Henry Letterman founding fathers of Phi Kappa Psi were nursing friends back to health out at Jefferson College in Western Pennsylvania. The students on the campus were suffering from influenza and needed to be watched until they were better. William Henry Letterman and Charles Page Thomas Moore stepped up and took charge of this cry for aid fostering the values of a fraternity that would lead them to still be remembered today (The Manual of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity 2002).
Ways for Greek members and College Administration to change
I do not think that very drastic changes need to be made to the Greek Life system here at IUP or at any college for that matter. Education about the effects and outcomes of the result of risky behaviors needs to be projected into the lives of fraternities and sororities in turn though. Knowledge is power, and if the member has no knowledge how can they see possible outcomes and gain power. This can not only be a one sided battle like it is most of the time. It is up to the fraternities and sororities just as much as administration at the university to ensure that this information is properly distributed. How can one assume that knowledge is gained by an individual who has no means of obtaining it? This is what makes it so hard for Greek Life members to see the truth about risky behaviors.
It is one thing to hear that things lead to unhappy endings when an individual practices risky behavior but another when one has the literature to present adequate information for consumption via the brain. Most colleges seem to think that the underage drinking and drug use at universities can be stopped by force. They are very wrong though this just causes students to come up with creative ways to get the job done so to speak. They key to figuring out what will cut down on risky behavior of college students is simply the need for administration in colleges to see where we as students are coming from.
Have an administrator conduct research or a mass research study after all we do research for every other problem that needs to be solved. Why not spend money and possibly save a few lives along with students who are at risk. Arresting a student because they were walking home minding their own business and may have had a few beers is not the answer in most cases. There seems to be targeting going on here at IUP but that’s for another research paper at another time and place. It is easier for everyone to get along if they are all on the same page where most of the time members of Greek Life are not. Lets face it life is all about lessons and how can we learn if we are not given the opportunity to make mistakes and learn.
With this being said, more of a joint operation between members of Fraternities and Sororities accompanied by the operation of the administration of the college needs to take place. I am not saying condone the risky behaviors but the constant harassment and yelling by the administration will make members want to rebel even more. It seems like colleges are trying to control instead of provide knowledge to the individuals who need it. The main goal is to get us a degree and make us into influential leaders so give us the knowledge not a fine or jail time.
Give members in Greek societies classes and books on how to take risks that are not so detrimental to our health and see just how much of an impact it makes. Make these classes fun and interesting so members of these organizations can see the big picture. Try to be more understanding and act like you were in our shoes once. I can almost guarantee administrators were taking the same risks that they are trying to stop us from taking. So be a big brother or sister and not a father, mother, or guardian because we already have that and they did a good job at that. A good enough job to make us see that we can make decisions weather right or wrong and that we as a human have to deal with the consequences of our actions.
If we are all equal then how can one place themselves up on a pedal stool to judge decisions made by humans? Help us and nurture us not penalize us and possibly ruin a future leader in this great nation. Everyone has there fair share of risky decisions to choose from lessons are learned and adults are born.
Results and findings in the research
There have been many results that I have been able to pinpoint while conducting my research. One of the major ones is the fact that the stereotype that all members of Greek Life are out of control will never change due to media. I also think that by doing this research I have found out just how misinterpreted members of Greek organizations are. I need to start a change that could revolutionize just how members are interpreted.
Thoughts about Future Research
There has not been much research done on the way of life which is possessed by members of Greek letter societies. There have only been bad incidents that have been reported to the media and reported to members of society. This negative research if you will is not good research because it aids to the negative reputation of Greeks. There are really talented and just all around good motivated people in fraternities and sororities who do not possess bad traits for the viewing pleasures of society.
I think more research by the media needs to be done along with people who do not know what it is like to be in a fraternity or sorority. This would lead to less people being bias towards Greeks. More of the things that fraternities and sororities do needs to be displaced to the public, things like volunteering and community service at events needs to be recognized. Basically the good along with the bad should be looked at and not just the bad.
This leads to people to create their own stereotypes which ruin the point of having a Greek Life System. In the near future I would like to see more of an understanding created by people who are in the fraternities and sororities and also with the members of the administrations who govern them. There is just not enough positive information out there to help smash this horrible reputation that is out there. Research has to be done and I do not think there is enough out there to change the “outsiders” way of life.
I would love for a person who is not in a fraternity or sorority to conduct research and give me a point of view that I have not seen yet. I think this would be a research experience that would be unmatched and good for the author of this paper. More research is always a plus with anything and there can never be enough done.
Ways for Greek members and College Administration to change
I do not think that very drastic changes need to be made to the Greek Life system here at IUP or at any college for that matter. Education about the effects and outcomes of the result of risky behaviors needs to be projected into the lives of fraternities and sororities in turn though. Knowledge is power, and if the member has no knowledge how can they see possible outcomes and gain power. This can not only be a one sided battle like it is most of the time. It is up to the fraternities and sororities just as much as administration at the university to ensure that this information is properly distributed. How can one assume that knowledge is gained by an individual who has no means of obtaining it?
This is what makes it so hard for Greek Life members to see the truth about risky behaviors. It is one thing to hear that things lead to unhappy endings when an individual practices risky behavior but another when one has the literature to present adequate information for consumption via the brain. Most colleges seem to think that the underage drinking and drug use at universities can be stopped by force. They are very wrong though this just causes students to come up with creative ways to get the job done so to speak. They key to figuring out what will cut down on risky behavior of college students is simply the need for administration in colleges to see where we as students are coming from.
Have an administrator conduct research of their own or a mass research study on the behaviors, after all we do research for every other problem that needs to be solved. Why not spend money and possibly save a few lives along with students who are at risk. Arresting a student because they were walking home minding their own business and may have had a few beers is not the answer in most cases. There seems to be targeting going on here at IUP but that’s for another research paper at another time and place. It is easier for everyone to get along if they are all on the same page where most of the time members of Greek Life are not. Lets face it life is all about lessons and how can we learn if we are not given the opportunity to make mistakes and learn.
With this being said, more of a joint operation between members of Fraternities and Sororities accompanied by the operation of the administration of the college needs to take place. I am not saying condone the risky behaviors but the constant harassment and yelling by the administration will make members want to rebel even more. . It seems like colleges are trying to control instead of provide knowledge to the individuals who need it. The main goal is to get us a degree and make us into influential leaders so give us the knowledge not a fine or jail time.
Give members in Greek societies classes and books on how to take risks that are not so detrimental to our health and see just how much of an impact it makes. Make these classes fun and interesting so members of these organizations can see the big picture. Try to be more understanding and act like you were in our shoes once. I can almost guarantee administrators were taking the same risks that they are trying to stop us from taking.
So be a big brother or sister and not a father, mother, or guardian because we already have that and they did a good job at that. A good enough job to make us see that we can make decisions weather right or wrong and that we as a human have to deal with the consequences of our actions. If we are all equal then how can one place themselves up on a pedal stool to judge decisions made by humans? Help us and nurture us not penalize us and possibly ruin a future leader in this great nation. Everyone has there fair share of risky decisions to choose from lessons are learned and adults are born.
Thoughts on writing this paper
Writing this paper was a good experience for me and I hope it was enjoyable for the reader. I tried to make the paper as personal as possible because I am sick of reading long drawn out papers that I cannot relate to. The “paper writing process” as I like to call it was made easier thanks to the help of my English teacher Marlen Harrison. Thanks to him having set deadlines and very good time management lead to me completing this hopefully intriguing paper you are reading. I am now a better writer thanks to taking his class and although I am still young in my youth when it comes to writing papers I was made strong in my expression of words a little more thanks to his class. I think that every college student should experience just how good it feels when a paper comes together and that is exactly what I am experiencing at the conclusion of this research paper. Thank you for reading it and thank you for being a part of making me a stronger writer.
References
Dictionary.com Unabridged (2006). (v 1.1)Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2/20/2008 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hazing
Frizzell, Henery John and Owen, Christopher Kent “The Manual of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity” 2002. Retrieved 1/17/2008.
Nuwer, Mark “number of safety days without a Greek Death 2″. Retrieved 2/23/2008 from http://www.hazing.marknuewer.com
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services March 2004. Accessed 1/15/2008http://www.4woman.gov/faq/rohypnol.htm
Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2006. Retrieved 12/13/2006. http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/binge_drinking.htm
